Library of Sources
Poem Archive Sources
Archival Sources
The Emily Dickinson Archive, an open-access resource containing the largest single source of digital surrogates of the manuscripts of Dickinson’s poems and letters, is the primary source for the manuscript images reproduced in Dickinson’s Birds.
Grateful acknowledgment is given to the EDA as well as to the many libraries and institutions that contributed images of Dickinson’s manuscripts and/or information about them: The American Antiquarian Society; Amherst College Archives & Special Collections; The Beinecke Library, Yale University Library; The Boston Public Library; Dumbarton Oaks, Harvard University; Forbes Library; The Houghton Library, Harvard University; The Jones Library; The Library of Congress; Middlebury College Library; The Monson Free Public Library; The Morgan Library & Museum; The New York Public Library; Princeton University Library; The Robert P. Esty Library; The Rosenbach Library; Scripps College Library; Smith College Libraries; The State Historical Society of Iowa; Vassar Special Collections.
Scholarly Editions
R. W. Franklin, ed., The Poems of Emily Dickinson: Variorum Edition. 3 vols. Cambridge, MA, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998.
R. W. Franklin, ed., The Manuscript Books of Emily Dickinson. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1981.
Ellen Louise Hart & Martha Nell Smith, eds., Open Me Carefully: Emily Dickinson’s Intimate Letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson. Ashfield, MA: Paris Press, 1998.
Thomas H. Johnson & Theodora Ward, eds., The Letters of Emily Dickinson. 3 vols. Cambridge, MA, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1958.
Cristanne Miller, ed., Emily Dickinson’s Poems as She Preserved Them. Cambridge, MA, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2016.
Cristanne Miller & Domhnall Mitchell, eds., The Letters of Emily Dickinson. Cambridge, MA, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2016.
Marta Werner, ed. Radical Scatters: An Electronic Archive of Emily Dickinson’s Late Fragments and Related Texts, 1870-1886. Lincoln: The University of Nebraska, 2007-present.
Marta Werner, Writing in Time: Emily Dickinson’s Master Hours. Amherst: Amherst College Press, 2021.
Marta Werner & Jen Bervin, Emily Dickinson: The Gorgeous Nothings. New York: New Directions, 2013.
Bird Archive Sources
Birding Guidebooks (Occurrence, Presence, Historical Fieldnotes)
- H. L. Clark, The Birds of Amherst &Vicinity, including nearly the whole of Hampshire County (1887). Originally published in Amherst, Mass., by J. E. Williams and now also accessible via the HathiTrust.
- Ebenezer Emmons, Birds of Massachusetts (1833). Originally published in Dr. Edward Hitchcock’s “Report on the Geology, Minerology, Botany and Zoology of Massachusetts,” pp. 528-51.
- J. A. Allen, “Catalogue of the Birds Found at Springfield, Mass., with Notes on their Migrations, Habits, & c., together with a list of those birds found in the State not yet observed at Springfield” (1864). Originally published in the Proceedings of the Essex Institute at Salem, Vol. IV, No. 2, September 1864, and now also accessible via the HathiTrust.
- Aaron Clark Bagg and Samuel Atkins Eliot Jr., Birds of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts (1937). Originally published in Northampton, Mass., by The Hampshire Bookshop and now also available through the HathiTrust.
- David Fischer, “Annotated List of 234 Amherst Birds,” in Peter Westover’s Birds and Their Habitats in Amherst, Massachusetts with Complete Annotated List of Amherst Birds (1977). Published by The Hitchcock Center for the Environment.
- The Massachusetts Avian Records Committee State List
- Mass Audubon Breeding Bird Atlas 1 Species Accounts
- Wayne R. Petersen and Brian E. Small, Field Guide to Birds of Massachusetts (2017). Published by Scott & Nix, Inc..
Bird Data (Nest Materials; Habitat)
Data on habitat and nest materials has been gathered from Audubon’s Field Guide to North American Birds and from the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, as well as from the key sources of data for this site: e.g. Clark 1887 and 1906 and Bagg & Eliot 1937.
Historical Field Notes principally derive from H. L. Clark’s The Birds of Amherst &Vicinity, including nearly the whole of Hampshire County (1887) and Aaron Clark Bagg and Samuel Atkins Eliot Jr.’s Birds of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts (1937).
Bird Data (Body Mass)
Raw data on the masses of birds was found in Dunning, J.B. Body masses of North American birds, edited by M. Ghadrdan. Eugene, OR: The IWRC, 2018.
Global Conservation Status (2025)
Our primary source for the birds’ current conservation status is the IUCN Red List. For the specific environmental threats to birds occurring in North America, see also The American Bird Conservancy.
Sound and Spectrograph Files
The website https://xeno-canto.org/, created in 2005 by Bob Planque and William-Pier Vellinga, and administrated by the Netherlands-based Xeno-canto foundation (Stichting Xeno-canto voor natuurgeluiden), is the primary source of the sound and spectograph files used in Dickinson’s Birds. Xeno-canto is committed to education, conservation, and science, and their recordings are shared under various Creative Commons licenses (see links below) that generally allow not only for the embedding and circulation of the sound and sonograph files from their archive in projects outside that archive but also for the remixing and transformation of the original recordings. We are deeply grateful to XenoCanto for their mission and to the individual recordists whose work in the field made this site possible. The following list identifies — by bird and recordist — every file we have used here:
Acadian Flycatcher
Sue Riffe, Acadian Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/416786. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Alder Flycatcher
Martin St-Michel, Alder Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/550421. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
American Wigeon
Paul Marvin, American Wigeon. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/384955. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Arctic Redpoll [also: Hoary Redpoll]
Andrew Spencer, Arctic Redpoll. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/142566. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)
Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker [also: Black-backed Woodpecker]
Bruce Lagerquist, Black-backed Woodpecker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/482563. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Baird’s Sandpiper
Andrew Spencer, Baird’s Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/185621. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Bald Eagle
Russ Wigh, Bald Eagle. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/769877. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Baltimore Oriole
Christopher McPherson, Baltimore Oriole. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/600290. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Barn Owl
Millon Xavier, Western Barn Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/683608. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Barn Swallow
Susanne Kuijpers, Barn Swallow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/664750. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Barred Owl
Ron Overholtz, Barred Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/580532. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Bay-breasted Warbler
Matt Wistrand, Bay-breasted Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/560746. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Belted Kingfisher
Russ Wigh, Belted Kingfisher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/590595. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Bittern
Hal Mitchell, American Bittern. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/310044. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Black Duck
Andrew Spencer, American Black Duck. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/203262. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Black Tern
Isain Contreras Rodríguez, Black Tern. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/570019. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Black-and-white Warbler
Doug Hynes, Black-and-white Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/613378. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
Black-billed Cuckoo
Jacob Saucier, Black-billed Cuckoo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/500139. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Black-capped Chickadee
Thomas Ryder Payne, Black-capped Chickadee. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/636533. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Black-crowned Night Heron
Gabriel Morales, Black-crowned Night Heron. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/588337. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Black-headed Grosbeak
Thomas Magarian, Black-headed Grosbeak. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/700885. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Black-throated Blue Warbler
Sue Riffe, Black-throated Blue Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/626751. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Black-throated Green Warbler
Jacob Saucier, Black-throated Green Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/501262. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Blackburnian Warbler
Christopher McPherson, Blackburnian Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/600509. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Blackpoll Warbler
Lucas Berrigan, Blackpoll Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/328797. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Blue Grosbeak
Manuel Grosselet, Blue Grosbeak. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/744812. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Blue Jay
Christopher McPherson, Blue Jay. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/640349. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Blue-grey Gnatcatcher
Keith Corliss, Blue-grey Gnatcatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/661346. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Blue-winged Teal
Fernando Castro, Blue-winged Teal. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/501464. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Blue-winged Warbler
Phil Brown, Blue-winged Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/428495. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Bluebird
Christopher McPherson, Eastern Bluebird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/601011. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Bobolink
Gabriel Leite, Bobolink. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/420908. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Bob-white [also: Quail]
Max Noack, Northern Bobwhite. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/502739. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Bohemian Waxwing
Jarek Matusiak, Bohemian Waxwing. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/517421. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Boreal Chickadee [also: Acadian Chickadee]
James Bradley, Boreal Chickadee. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/336433. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Brant Goose
Bruce Lagerquist, Brant Goose. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/619269. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Broad-winged Hawk
Christopher McPherson, Broad-winged Hawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/691176. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Brown Creeper
Richard E. Webster, Brown Creeper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/440579. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Brown Thrasher [also: Brown Thrush]
Doug Welch, Brown Thrasher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/420604. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Brown-headed Cowbird
Bobby Wilcox, Brown-headed Cowbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/645520. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Canadian Flycatching Warbler [also: Canada Warbler]
Meena Haribal, Canada Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/561374. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Cape May Warbler
Martin St-Michel, Cape May Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/319513. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Cardinal [also: Cardinal-Bird]
Scott Crabtree, Northern Cardinal. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/872638. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Carolina Wren
Russ Wigh, Carolina Wren. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/654818. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Cattle Egret (Western)
Stanislas Wroza, Western Cattle Egret. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/372953. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Cedar-Bird [also: Cedar Waxwing]
Jorge Medina-Madrid, Cedar Waxwing. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/609497. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Cerulean Warbler
Matt Wistrand, Cerulean Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/420726. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Chestnut-sided Warbler
Meena Haribal, Chestnut-sided Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/563741. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Chimney Swallow [also: Chimney Swift]
Dan Lane, Chimney Swift. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/180468. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Chipping Sparrow
Jim Berry, Chipping Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/645149. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Clapper Rail
Nils Navarro, Clapper Rail. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/659432. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Clay-colored Sparrow
James Bradley, Clay-colored Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/379021. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Cliff Swallow
Andrew Spencer, American Cliff Swallow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/203606.[File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Connecticut Warbler
Don Gorney, Connecticut Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/371379. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Cooper’s Hawk
Sunny Tseng, Cooper’s Hawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/720968. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Coot
Sunny Tseng, American Coot. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/531516. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Crow
Caio Brito, American Crow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/556240. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Dark-eyed Junco [also: Snowbird]
Ned Bohman, Dark-eyed Junco. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/660255. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Dickcissel
Paul Driver, Dickcissel. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/658540. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Dipper Duck [also: Common Grebe]
Max Noack, American Dipper Duck. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/502746. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Downy Woodpecker
Don Henise, Downy Woodpecker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/897608. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Dunlin
Ricardo Hevia, Dunlin. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/674563. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Eider Duck
Lars Edenius, Common Eider. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/549046. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Evening Grosbeak
Matt Wistrand, Evening Grosbeak. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/374106. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Field Sparrow
Brian Hendrix, Field Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/489162. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Flicker [also: Golden-winged Woodpecker]
Bruce Lagerquist, Northern Flicker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/604689. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Gadwall
Beatrix Saadi-Varchmin, Gadwall. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/674472. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Gallinule
Richard E. Webster, Common Gallinule. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/465598. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Glossy Ibis
Jordi Calvet, Glossy Ibis. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/530552. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Golden Eagle
Lars Edenius, Golden Eagle. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/453324. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Golden Plover
Andrew Spencer, Golden Plover. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/149502. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)
Golden-crowned Kinglet
Sue Riffe, Golden-crowned Kinglet. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/419366. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Golden-winged Warbler
Paul Driver, Golden-winged Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/658548. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Goldfinch
Sue Riffe, American Goldfinch. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/612292. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Goshawk
Stanislas Wroza, Northern Goshawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/626549. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Grackle [also: Crow Blackbird]
David Darrell-Lambert, Common Grackle. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/476561. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Grass Wren [also: Short-billed Marsh Wren; Short-billed Sedge Wren]
Manuel Grosselet, Grass Wren. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/579160. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Great Blue Heron
Sue Riffe, Great Blue Heron. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/419194. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Great Crested Flycatcher
Bernard Bousquet, Great Crested Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/587977. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Great Egret [also: Great White Egret]
Manuel Grosselet, Great Egret. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/663143. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Great Grey Owl
Lars Edenius, Great Grey Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/653979. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Great Horned Owl
Christopher McPherson, Great Horned Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/691461. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Greater Yellowlegs
Patricio Mena Valenzuela, Greater Yellowlegs. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/477317. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Green Heron
Johana Zuluaga-Bonilla, Green Heron. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/153094. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)
Green-winged Teal
Ves, Green-winged Teal. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/459927. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Grey Catbird
Sunny, Grey catbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/484144. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Grey Plover [also: Black-bellied Plover]
Uku Paal, Grey Plover. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/675209. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Grey-cheeked Thrush
Seth Beaudreault (Toolik Field Station), Grey-cheeked Thrush. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/940496. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Gyrfalcon
Stein Ø. Nilsen, Gyrfalcon. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/428386. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Hairy Woodpecker
Manuel Grosselet, Hairy Woodpecker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/681647. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Harrier [also: Marsh Hawk]
J.R. Rigby, Northern Harrier. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/290060. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Harris’s Sparrow
Ian Cruickshank, Harris’s Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/210755. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Hawk Owl
Stein Ø. Nilsen, Northern Hawk Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/148674. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)
Henslow’s Sparrow [also: Henslow’s Bunting]
David A. Brinkman, Henslow’s Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/807504. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Hermit Thrush
Steve Hampton, Hermit Thrush. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/558358. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Herring Gull
William Whitehead, American Herring Gull. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/510712. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Hooded Merganser
Jim Berry, Hooded Merganser. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/317679. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Hooded Warbler
Jacob Saucier, Hooded Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/499557. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Horned Lark
Frode Falkenberg, Horned Lark. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/658883. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
House Finch
Paul Marvin, House Finch. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/679337. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
House Sparrow [also: English Sparrow]
João Tomás, House Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/952608. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
House Wren
Thomas Magarian, House Wren. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/658907. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Hudsonian Godwit [also: Hudsonian Curlew]
Bernabe Lopez-Lanus, Hudsonian Godwit. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/48617. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)
Indian Peafowl [also: Peacock]
Francesco Barberini, Indian Peafowl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/812476. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Indigo Bunting [also: Indigo-Bird]
David Welch, Indigo Bunting. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/579108. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Kentucky Warbler
Sue Riffe, Kentucky Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/417604. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Killdeer [also: Killdeer Plover]
Nick Komar, Killdeer. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/321383. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
King Bird
Meena Haribal, Eastern Kingbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/561409. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
King Rail
John Hoye, King Rail. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/139985. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)
Lapland Longspur
Stein Ø. Nilsen, Lapland Longspur. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/663131. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Lapwing
Paul Kelly, Northern Lapwing. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/897850. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Lark Sparrow
Brad Banner, Lark Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/684352. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Least Bittern
Henry Miller Alexandre, Least Bittern. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/499833. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Least Flycatcher
Jim Berry, Least Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/472219. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Least Sandpiper
Paul Marvin, Least Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/453003. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Lesser Scaup
Thomas Magarian, Lesser Scaup. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/334315. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Lesser Yellowlegs [also: Lesser Tell-Tale]
Jayrson Araujo De Oliveira, Lesser Yellowlegs. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/674365. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Lincoln’s Sparrow [also: Lincoln’s Finch]
Sue Riffe, Lincoln’s Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/494247. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Little Auk [also: Dovekie]
Stein Ø. Nilsen, Little Auk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/191434. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Loggerhead Shrike [also: White-rumped Loggerhead Shrike]
Ed Pandolfino, Loggerhead Shrike. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/455607. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Long-eared Owl
Adam Gruszczyński, Long-eared Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/662640. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Loon [also: Great Northern Diver]
Valerie Heemstra, Common Loon. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/832712. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Louisiana Waterthrush [also: Long-billed Waterthrush]
Sue Riffe, Louisiana Waterthrush. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/417605. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Magnolia Warbler [also: Black-and-Yellow Warbler]
Sue Riffe, Magnolia Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/382124. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Mallard
Richard Brahmstaedt, Mallard. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/893489. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Marsh Wren
Paul Marvin, Marsh Wren. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/582639. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Meadowlark
Manuel Grosselet, Eastern Meadowlark. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/645463. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Merganser
Lars Edenius, Common Merganser. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/644424. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Merlin [also: Pigeon Hawk]
Andrew Harrop, Merlin. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/597137. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Mockingbird
David A. Brinkman, Northern Mockingbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/677297. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Mourning Dove [also: Carolina Dove]
Bruce Lagerquist, Mourning Dove. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/430095. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Mourning Warbler
Paul Driver, Mourning Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/448187. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Mute Swan
Dean McDonnell, Mute Swan. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/787572. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Myrtle Warbler
Martin St-Michel, Myrtle Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/467698. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Nashville Warbler
Bobby Wilcox, Nashville Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/570338. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Nighthawk (Common)
Christopher Takacs, Common Nighthawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/583103. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Nightingale
Jorge Leitão, Nightingale. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/897939. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Jayrson Araujo De Oliveira, Olive-sided Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/534098. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Orange-crowned Warbler
Steve Hampton, Orange-crowned Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/656348. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Orchard Oriole
Eric Zawatski, Orchard Oriole. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/559298. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Osprey [also: Fish Hawk]
Manuel Grosselet, Western Osprey. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/573484. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Ovenbird [also: Golden-crowned Thrush]
Russ Wigh, Ovenbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/570992. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Palm Warbler [also: Yellow Red-Poll Warbler]
Richard E. Webster, Palm Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/189607. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Parula [also: Blue Yellow-backed Warbler]
Russ Wigh, Northern Parula. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/570973. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Pectoral Sandpiper
Patrik Åberg, Pectoral Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/406470. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Peregrine Falcon [also: Duck Hawk]
Gabriel Leite, Peregrine Falcon. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/357721. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Pheasant
Ireneusz Oleksik, Common Pheasant. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/641398. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Philadelphia Vireo
Sue Riffe, Philadelphia Vireo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/624416. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Phoebe
Lance A. M. Benner, Eastern Phoebe. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/323217. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Pileated Woodpecker
Christopher McPherson, Pileated Woodpecker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/599834. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Pine Grosbeak
Diane Labarre, Pine Grosbeak. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/452496. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Pine Siskin [also: Pine Finch]
Richard E. Webster, Pine Siskin. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/677395. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Pine Warbler [also: Pine-creeping Warbler]
Christopher McPherson, Pine Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/602049. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Pintail [also: Pin-tailed Duck]
Jens Kirkeby, Northern Pintail. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/381982. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Piping Plover
Patrick Turgeon, Piping Plover. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/328023. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Prairie Warbler
Eric Zawatski, Prairie Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/583820. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Prothonotary Warbler
David Darrell-Lambert, Prothonotary Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/476998. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Purple Finch [also: Linnet]
Ed Pandolfino, Purple Finch. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/655762. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Purple Martin
Scott Olmstead, Purple Martin. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/675811. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Raven
Hannu Varkki, Northern Raven. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/552737. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Red Crossbill [also: Common Crossbill]
Lars Edenius, Red Crossbill. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/668643. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Red Fox Sparrow [also: Fox Sparrow; Fox-colored Sparrow]
Doug Hynes, Red Fox Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/613533. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
Red Phalarope [also: Northern Phalarope]
Stein Ø. Nilsen, Red Phalarope. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/424557. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Red-bellied Woodpecker
Brian Hendrix, Red-bellied Woodpecker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/563618. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Red-breasted Merganser
Andrew Spencer, Red-breasted Merganser. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/141724. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)
Red-breasted Nuthatch
Gabriel Leite, Red-breasted Nuthatch. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/421281. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Red-eyed Vireo
Sue Riffe, Red-eyed Vireo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/624419. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Red-headed Woodpecker
John A. Middleton Jr., Red-headed Woodpecker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/733262. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Red-necked Grebe
Uku Paal, Red-necked Grebe. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/804821. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Red-shouldered Hawk
Brian Hendrix, Red-shouldered Hawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/564543. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Red-tailed Hawk
William Whitehead, Red-tailed Hawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/573429. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Red-winged Blackbird
Ed Pandolfino, Red-winged Blackbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/651824. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Redpoll [also: Lesser Redpoll]
Juha Saari, Common Redpoll. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/610600. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Redstart
Melissa Hafting, American Redstart. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/566620. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Ring-billed Gull
Stanislas Wroza, Ring-billed Gull. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/417720. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Robin
Aziza Cooper, American Robin. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/647154. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Rock Dove [also: Rock Pigeon]
Sreekumar Chirukandoth, Rock Dove. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/636632. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Nick Komar, Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/572067. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Rough-legged Buzzard [also: Rough-legged Hawk]
Lars Edenius, Rough-legged Buzzard. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/645345. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Rough-winged Swallow
Paul Marvin, Northern Rough-winged Swallow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/534846. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Ruby-crowned Kinglet
Richard E. Webster, Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/628827. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Ruby-throated Hummingbird
Patrick Turgeon, Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/139834. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)
Ruddy Pigeom [We have used the song of this New World bird to call attention to the absent song of its extinct kin: the Passenger or Wild Pigeon.]
Jarrod Swackhamer, Ruddy Pigeon. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/521570. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Ruffed Grouse [also: Partridge]
Jeff Dyck, Ruffed Grouse. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/416168. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Rusty Blackbird [also: Rusty Grackle]
Mike Schanbacher, Rusty Blackbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/682348. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Sand Martin
Xavier Riera, Sand Martin. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/654974. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Sanderling
Jorge Leitão, Sanderling. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/767560. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Savannah Sparrow
Manuel Grosselet, Savannah Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/669262. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Saw-whet Owl
Ted Floyd, Northern Saw-whet Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/565795. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Scarlet Tanager
David Welch, Scarlet Tanager. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/572254. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher
Joshua Stevenson, Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/247701. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Screech Owl
Paul Driver, Eastern Screech Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/833215. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Semipalmated Plover
Nick Komar, Semipalmated Plover. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/667364. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Semipalmated Sandpiper
Steve Hampton, Semipalmated Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/420273. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Sharp-shinned Hawk
Anderson Felipe, Sharp-shinned Hawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/451365. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Short-eared Owl
Romuald Mikusek, Short-eared Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/669606. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Shoveler [also: Shoveller Duck]
Stein Ø. Nilsen, Northern Shoveler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/371900. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Shrike [also: Great Northern Shrike]
Matt Longabaugh, Northern Shrike. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/559956. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Snow Bunting
Peter Stronach, Snow Bunting. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/570027. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Snow Goose
Paul Marvin, Snow Goose. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/143615. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)
Snowy Egret [also: Snowy Heron]
Bernabe Lopez-Lanus, Snowy Egret. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/50905. [File Modified].( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)
Snowy Owl
Tero Linjama, Snowy Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/343144. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Solitary Sandpiper
Jayrson Araujo De Oliveira, Solitary Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/443440. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Solitary Vireo [also: Blue-headed Vireo]
Caio Brito, Blue-headed Vireo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/556669. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Song Sparrow
Paul Marvin, Song Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/664838. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Sora [also: Carolina Rail]
Eric DeFonso, Sora. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/580996. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Sparrow Hawk [also: Kestrel]
Jayrson Araujo De Oliveira, American Kestrel. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/674589. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Spotted Sandpiper
Paul Marvin, Spotted Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/232636. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Starling
Stanislas Wroza, Common Starling. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/682941. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Summer Tanager
Mauricio Cuellar Ramirez (@Birding.travel), Summer Tanager. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/609577. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Swainson’s Thrush [also: Olive-backed Thrush]
Thomas Magarian, Swainson’s Thrush. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/663761. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Swamp Sparrow
Doug Hynes, Swamp Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/613096. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
Tennessee Warbler
Keith Corliss, Tennessee Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/661274. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Titlark [also: Buff-bellied Pipit]
Andrew Spencer, Buff-bellied Pipit. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/203608. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Towhee [also: Chewink]
Brian Hendrix, Eastern Towhee. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/575699. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Tree Sparrow
Steve Hampton, American Tree Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/562185. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Tree Swallow [also: White-bellied Swallow]
William Whitehead, Tree Swallow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/544225. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Tufted Titmouse
Jim Berry, Tufted Titmouse. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/649331. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Tundra Swan [also: Whistling Swan]
Michel Veldt, Tundra Swan. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/834093. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Turkey Vulture
Guillermo Treboux, Turkey Vulture. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/748979. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Two-barred Crossbill [also: White-winged Crossbill]
Stein Ø. Nilsen, Two-barred Crossbill. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/503029. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Upland Sandpiper [also: Upland Plover]
Matt Wistrand, Upland Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/656680. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Veery [also: Wilson’s Thrush]
Sue Riffe, Veery. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/574514. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Vesper Sparrow [also: Bay-winged Bunting]
Bruce Lagerquist, Vesper Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/714140. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Virginia Rail
Scott Crabtree, Virginia Rail. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/621187. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Warbling Vireo
Manuel Grosselet, Warbling Vireo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/650401. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Waterthrush [also: Short-billed Waterthrush]
Matt Wistrand, Northern Waterthrush. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/414095. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Western Kingbird
Ed Pandolfino, Western Kingbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/570382. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Western Meadowlark
Paul Marvin, Western Meadowlark. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/698318. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Western Tanager [also: Wing-barred Tanager]
Sue Riffe, Western Tanager. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/494384. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Whip-poor-will
Sue Riffe, Eastern Whip-poor-will. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/860759. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
White-breasted Nuthatch [also: White-bellied Nuthatch]
Sue Riffe, White-breasted Nuthatch. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/381798. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
White-crowned Sparrow
Steve Hampton, White-crowned Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/656355. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
White-eyed Vireo
Keith Corliss, White-eyed Vireo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/660444. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
White-throated Sparrow
Stanislas Wroza, White-throated Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/730547. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Wild Goose [also: Canada Goose]
Stanislas Wroza, Canada Goose. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/557197. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Willow Flycatcher [also: Traill’s Flycatcher]
Phil Brown, Willow Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/433073. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Wilson’s Snipe
Steve Hampton, Wilson’s Snipe. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/420227. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Wilson’s Warbler [also: Black-capped Flycatching Warbler]
Linzy, Wilson’s Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/665160. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Winter Wren
Jim Berry, Winter Wren. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/721750. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Wood Duck
Antonio Xeira, Wood Duck. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/347194. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Wood Pewee
Steve Hampton, Eastern Wood Pewee. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/666125. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Wood Thrush
Brian Hendrix, Wood Thrush. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/565547. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Woodcock
John Baur, American Woodcock. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/538039. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Worm-eating Warbler
Ted Floyd, Worm-eating Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/368400. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Yellow Rail
Peter Wilton, Yellow Rail. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/344711. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
Yellow Warbler
Sue Riffe, Yellow Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/665660. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher
Jarquín G. Orlando, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/335895. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker [also: Yellow-bellied Woodpecker]
Steve Pelikan, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/302918. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Marcelo da Rocha, Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/684511. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Yellow-breasted Chat [also: Yellowthroat]
Richard E. Webster, Yellow-breasted Chat. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/619198. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Yellow-throated Vireo
Keith Corliss, Yellow-throated Vireo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/661304. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Yellowthroat [also: Maryland Yellowthroat]
Thomas Magarian, Common Yellowthroat. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/531276. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
Data Firmament Sources
Map: “Massachusetts,” from “Frances A. Henshaw’s Book of Penmanship Executed at the Middlebury Female Academy April 29, 1828.” 16 cm (h) x 23 cm (w); scale: 1: 1,609,344. The David Rumsey Historical Map Collection.
The sources for Birds and Poems in the Firmament are the same sources as those used in the Poem and Bird Archives. See above for details.
Library of Muses
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Candland, Lara. 2018. The Lapidary’s Nosegay. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.
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Cusack, Peter. 2012. Sounds from Dangerous Places. Surrey: ReR Megacorp and Berliner Kunstlerprogramm des DAAD, 2012.
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Das, Subhadra, and Miranda Lowe. 2018. “Nature Read in Black and White: Decolonial Approaches to Interpreting Natural History Collections”. Journal of Natural Science Collections, 6: 4–14.
“Dawn Chorus,” conceived and directed by Bernie Kraus and Michael John Gorman @ dawn-chorus.org, 2020.
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Ellis, Erle C. 2018. Anthropocene: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Farrier, David. 2019. Anthropocene Poetics: Deep Time, Sacrifice Zones, and Extinction. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Foer, Jonathan Safran. 2001. A Convergence of Birds: Original Fiction and Poetry Inspired by Joseph Cornell. New York: D.A.P.
“For the Birds” by the Birdsong Project: https://open.spotify.com/album/6c8aHa89kWTsrcz0iw7fgS?si=YxOT7jT7S3W6imf0mKOHUw.
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Henshaw, Frances. 1823. “Massachusetts.” The David Rumsey Historical Map Collection @ www.davidrumsey.com.
Hitchcock, Edward. 1836. “The Sandstone Bird” @ https://www.palaeopoems.com/palaeopoems/the-sandstone-bird
Hitchcock, Orra White. Amherst College Digital Collections: Classroom drawings by Orra White Hitchcock @ https://acdc.amherst.edu/browse/partOf/Orra+White+Hitchcock+Classroom+Drawings?_ga=2.183907747.427271304.1613600253-1929252704.1612994588.
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